SUKAD PETAS

pic kat sebelah ni, masa aku join Sukad Petas.

Pada malam tu, aku n da geng kena join perbarisan. so sebelum perbarisan bermula sempat gak ler kami berposing. hehehe.. dah ler panas tunggu bermula, berpeluh2. pahtu bosan lak tu. so ni jelah keje yang sempat kami buat. Sukad ni geng Haak join Petas, sebagai memberi sokongan. yelah yang join Petas tu, masing2 dari desasiswa yang berlainan, murtad ke petas jap jer.. aku nyer geng dari Aman Damai, senyum je kat aku. tapi aku buat do noe jer. hehehe.. walaupun aku join sukan tarik tali jer. tapi geng2 aku kalah kepada aman damai gak, yelah geng2 tarik tali dari aman damai, tubuh diorang.. mak ooiii, 2x aku. bayangkan sume org diorang 2x n 3x kami, sekali diorang tarik jela. terjelepoklah kami yang cekeding ni dibuatnyer. tapi xpe, pengalaman, bila lagi kan... bila lagi nak bikin kenangan kat USM. nanti dah xdapat dah.. so, sume best kat USM. sayang sangat2 kat USM.

HAAK dalam kenangan...

inilah aku...

Masa tue aku masih lagi aktif dengan Himpunan Anak-anak Kelantan USM. Aku mula aktif dengan persatuan anak negeri USM ketika aku berada dalam tahun satu lagi. Masa tu YDP HAAK adalah Nor Shayaumil Qairil Eeman@ comey... dari dialah aku belajar selok belok pengurusan projek. Pic kat sebelah tu, aku ambil masa menguruskan lawatan pelajar2 sekolah dari Kelantan dan juga ketika dalam bulan puasa, aku n da geng balik kelantan sebab ada temujanji dengan BTN, berkenaan projek Karnival Pantai Timur. Banyak gak perkara yang dibincangkan, antaranya, Kem Motivasi Kecemerlangan STPM. Kem tersebut telah berjaya dijalankan pada 1 hingga 4 Jun 2009 di Kampus Kesihatan,USM. bila program tersebut tamat lega raser.. yela aku perlu berikan sepenuh komitmen untuk merealisasikan objektif program tersebut dan sedikit sebanyak memberikan imput kepada peserta dan juga aku. seronok sangat dapat layan peserta2. Mereka sporting sangat2. Paling kelakar ketika aktiviti explorace, macam2 ragam leh tengok, ada yang kena tarik botol, ada yang kena pakai tag nama besar, ada yang kena gantung sabut kelapa di badan ler...hahahaha.. eh dah jauh dah aku pegi ni.. baju kat dalam pic yang aku pakai tu adalah baju rasmi HAAK USM. Baju korporat la katakan... Untuk MT HAAK pada yang akan datang, jagalah Haak baik2, jangan biarkan ia berkubur. Ramai yang memandang pada pentadbiran Haak. Tiada yang mustahil. Fikirkanlah..

Pengurusan Masa

1. Kenal pasti kelemahan & Tabiat kerja anda – Buat sedikit muhasabah dan analisa terhadap tabiat kerja anda yang tidak baik. Apabila anda telah mengetahui tabiat tersebut sama ada kelemahan dalam merancang masa kerja atau melaksanakan kerja. Maka anda cuba mencari penyelesaian kepada tabiat tidak baik itu supaya anda dapat menyelesaikan kerja tadi dengan masa yang lebih singkat dan tersusun. Kebanyakkan individu tidak menganalisa kerja mereka sama ada sudah efektif atau ada cara lain yang lebih cepat serta menjimatkan masa.

2. Berlengah-lengah - Ini tabiat “popular” bagi remaja. Memulakan kerja sehingga berdozen-dozen namun tidak menghabiskannya. Ada banyak punca mengapa perkara ini berlaku antaranya sikap tidak yakin kepada kebolehan diri, tidak optimis dan sikap negetif kepada kerja tersebut. Sebab lain ialah tidak tahu meletakkan “aulawiyat” iaitu keutamaan dalam kerja mereka. Kenal pasti segera supaya ia tidak melarat “penyakit” berlengah-lengah ini kepada masa depan anda.

3. Tidak perlu sibuk tapi produktif. Bekerja dalam keadaan siduk amat memenatkan dan memuaskan. Anda tidak perlu kehulu kehilir untuk membuat satu kerja sahaja. Tapi bahagikan kerja anda dan hasilnya akan lebih baik. Sebagai contoh anda sebagai pengerusi biro dalam organisasi anda, anda boleh pecah-pecahkan kerja tersebut kepada ajk biro anda. Mudah dan cepat bukan. Kerja yang anda lakukan dalam masa 5 jam sendirian akan bertukar menjadi 1 jam sahaja. Ingat fokus kepada produktiviti bukan kecelaruan dalam kesibukkan.

4. Bunuh “Pembunuh Masa” – Kenal pasti pembunuh masa anda seperti leka bermain game atau flash game, bergayut menelefon kerana ia akan mengalihkan fokus kerja anda. Masa rehat itu perlu tetapi jangan sampai membazir masa. Rehatlah dengan sewajarnya.

5. Realistik dalam bertindak – Ramai daripada remaja mahupun eksekutif muda percaya bahawa dalam melakukan kerja WAJIB mencari kesempurnaan. Terimalah hakikat kita manusia yang punyai kekurangan dan kita tidak tinggal di alam Syurga yang penuh dengan kesempurnaan. Petua yang anda perlu pegang ialah melakukan kerja tidak perlu sempurna tetapi cemerlang. Berusaha mencari kecemerlangan bukan kesempurnaan.

PETUA KESIHATAN

Lagi petua menghilangkan sakit kepala selepas bersalin
01- Ambil 7 helai daun sirih, kemenyan sebesar ibu jari bersama 3 ulas bawang.Giling kesemua bahan tersebut dan tampalkan di dahi.
Cara ini juga boleh di gunakan untuk orang yang demam dan lakukannya 2 kali sehari. Insyaalah demam atau sakit kepala akan berkurangan.

02- Masalah kencing tidak lawas Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Atasi masalah kencing tidak lawas dengan menggunakan air basuhan beras yang ketiga. Minum air basuhan tersebut segelas setiap hari dan lihatlah perbezaannya.

03- Bibir Merekah Minum air kelapa muda yang dicampur dengan kuning telur dan sedikit madu lebah. Amalkan meminumnya sekali dalam sehari dan nantikan hasilnya.

04- Segarkan Kulit Muka Sapukan jus epal hijau kemuka dan biarkan selama 5 hingga 10 minit kemudian cuci muka dengan air bersih.

05- Rawati Kulit Melecur Tuangkan susu cair atau susu pekat manis keatas bahagian yang terkena air panas. Pastinya ia tidak akan mengelembung dan berparut.

06- Merawat Sakit Tekak Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Jika anda menghidap sakit tekak, anda perlu mendapatkan beberapa keping asam keping. Asam keping ini hendaklah dibakar hingga menjadi hangus. Setelah itu ditumbuk dan digaul dengan sedikit air sirih. Setelah itu sapukan pada bahagian tekak anda yang sakit. Insya Allah tekak anda akan sembuh seperti sediakala.

07- Mengurangkan Batuk Ambil satu ataupun dua sudu nasi panas yang baru saja masak. Kemudian masukkan ke dalam cawan dicampurkan sedikit air. Setelah itu, embunkan nasi tersebut selama semalam. Keesokan harinya, minumlah air tersebut. Ulangi petua ini hingga beberapa hari. Insya Allah, batuk anda akan sembuh dengan segera.

08- Asma/Sesak Nafas Ambil 4-5 helai daun buah keras laut. Ramaskanlah daun tersebut dengan air bersih. Kemudian saringlah setengah gelas. Embunkan semalaman sebaik-baiknya dilakukan pada waktu pagi. Apabila bangun tidur, ambil air tersebut dan dicampur dengan sedikit madu. Minumlah berulangkali setiap pagi ramuan ini.

09- Menurunkan panas badan Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Daun bunga raya amat berguna unutk menurunkan panas badan ketika demam. Ambil beberapa helai daun bunga raya dan ramas di dalam air hingga hancur.Sapukan pada kepala dan seluruh tubuh hingga basah. Biar kering sendiri dan ulang lagi hingga reda panasnya.

10- Manfaat Air Nenas Kencing batu karang menyakitkan, badan berasa tidak arah dan demam. Setiap kali buang air berasa sakit. Mungkin petua ini dapat membantu anda. Kupas sebiji nenas dan cincang.Campur segelas air serta sedikit garam dan dikisar halus.Minum air nenas segelas setiap hari sehingga penyakit anda nampak pulihnya.

11- Menyegarkan Mata Gatal dan Letih Ambil beberapa helai daun sireh muda. Kemudian, cuci bersih. Ramas-ramaskan ia dan masukkan ke dalam air suam. Selepas itu, tapis airnya. Selanjutnya rendamkan mata sambil kerdipkan berulang kali. Lakukan selalu dan hasilnya anda akan merasai perubahannya.

12- Penawar Resdung Petua yang paling mudah dan berkesan ialah dengan mengamalkan menyedut air ke dalam hidung (seperti sebelum kita ber wuduk).Kemudian picit sebelah hidung dan hembuskan sekuat hati. Buatlah berulang-ulang kali sehingga selesai kedua-duanya. Selepas itu basuhlah muka dengan bersih. Lakukan ini setiap kali setelah sampai ke satu-satu destinasi, baik ke pejabat,bersantai, beriadah atau pulang ke rumah malah ke mana saja. Kesannya sungguh menakjubkan.

13- Sembuhkan luka selepas bersalin Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Bagi wanita yang baru bersalin dan ingin luka cepat sembuh, anda boleh amalkan petua berikut: Mula-mula ambil beberapa helai daun jambu batu dan dua keping asam keping. Kemudian rebus sehingga mendidih. Biarkan seketika sehingga air tadi menjadi suam. Cuci bahagian luka tadi dengan menggunakanair tersebut.Insya Allah luka akan cepat sembuh.

14- Legakan Sakit Kepala Setiap orang mungkin mengalami sakit kepala yang amat sangat akibat tekanan di tempat kerja dan sebagainya.Jadi untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit kepala itu, ambil tiga atau empat keping asam gelugor atau asam keping. Rendamkan dalam air suam semalaman. Minum air tersebut pada keesokkan harinya. Insyaallah sakit kepala anda akan hilang serta merta.

15- Kilatkan rambut dengan biji betik Ambil biji betik yang sudah masak sebanyak dua genggam, Bersihkan kulit biji yang berair itu, dan jemursampai kering. Bila sudah kering, gorengkannya tanpa minyak sampai hangus. Setelah itu bolehlah ditumbuk atau digiling biji betik itu hingga lumat. Pindahkan pada piring dan bancuh dengan air. Sebelum menggunakannya bersihkan rambut anda terlebih dahulu . Keringkan rambut anda dan sapukan bahan tadi tanpa syampu. Anda akan dapat lihat hasilnya. Rambut anda akan kelihatan hitam dan berkilat.

16- Hilangkan Lemak Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Jika anda mengalami masaalah berat badan anda boleh menggunakan air asam jawa sebagai minuman harian.ini kerana, air asam jawa boleh menjadi alternatif bagi mengurangkan lemak dalam badan anda. Caranya; Ambil sebuku asam jawa, Ramas dengan air sebanyak satu gelas. Masukkan air asamjawa tadi kedalam peti sejuk. Minum air tadi selepas makan tengahari atau selepas makan malam. Amalkan meminumnya setiap hari dan anda akan dapati tubuh anda bertambah segar dan langsing.

17- Merawat Ketumbit Jika ada dikalangan keluarga atau rakan-rakan anda menghadapi masaalah ketumbit di mata, Tak perlulah risau kerana ianya mudah dirawat dengan bawang putih sahaja. Caranya, ambil seulas bawang putih, guris sedikit bahagian hujungnya dengan kuku agar keluar airnya dan sapukan pada kelopak mata yang ber ketumbit tadi 3 kali sehari. Insyaallah ketumbit akan beransur baik dalam masa singkat.

18- Menghilangkan Panau.Panau adalah sejenis penyakit kulit yang tidak menyakitkan. Namun ianya membuat kulit anda kelihatan tidak menarik. Oleh yang demikian jika anda mengalami masaalah panau, cubalah petua di bawah ini:Ambil lengkuas atau bawang putih, gosokkan pada panau itu sehingga kulit anda terasa perit dan kemerah-merahan. Ulangi selama seminggu. Insyaallah panau anda akan beransur hilang dan kulit anda akan kelihatan lebih menarik.]

19- Melangsingkan badan. Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Melangsingkan badan,cara paling mudah dan murah ialah:1-Dua biji lobak merah dipotong2-Sebiji mentimun segar,3-Sebiji limau nipis,Kemudian ketiga-tiga bahan ini dikisar dan diperah airnya untuk diminum.Amalkan dua kali sehari setiap pagi dan malam. Insyaallah badan yang gedempol akan beransur langsing dan menarik.

20- Awet muda dan menarik.Wajah anda kelihatan tua kurang menarik dan berminyak.Amalkan ketiga-tiga cara di bawah. 1-Banyakkan ketenangan, berzikir dan sentiasa mengingati Allah.2-Minum segelas air suam setiap pagi sebaik bangun tidur.3-Makan sehelai daun pegaga segar setiap hari selama 40 hari.

21- Khasiat bawang putih. Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Mereka yang menghidap lelah dan semput seringkali menghadapi masaalah bila termakan makanan dingin seperti rambutan, mentimun dan betik. Untuk ke klinik kita akan mengambil masa dan kos yang tinggi, Oleh itu cubalah petua di bawah:Dua ulas bawang putih-ditumbuk,Tiga sudu minyak masak. Campurkan kedua bahan tadi dan sapu pada leher, dada dan belakang. Dalam masa sepuluh minit kita akan lihat perubahannya. Ia juga boleh digunakan ketika batuk.

22- Sakit Tekak Sakit tekak sewaktu bangun pagi?Terus kebilik air dan tepukkan air sejuk di tengkuk anda. pastinya kahak akan "longgar" dan mudah keluar selepas itu.Hilangkan atau elakkan sakit tekak dengan meminum air tomato seminggu 3 kali. Sakit atau perit tekak akan hilang.

23- Merdukan SuaraMerdukan suara dengan air suam yang diperahkan limau nipis. campurkan gula batu dan biarkan semalaman. Keesokkannya, sebelum gosok gigi atau berkumur dan minum air itu.

24- Rawat MuntahRawati muntah kanak-kanak dengan daun limau purut. Tumbuk atau mesinkan dengan campurkan sedikit air. Minum seperti biasa. ia akan beransur sembuh.

25- Hilangkan seduHilangkan sedu dengan menarik nafas sedalam yang boleh, lakukan 3 atau 4 kali. Pastinya sedu anda beransur hilang selepas itu.

26- Hilangkan kutuHilangkan kutu pada rambut dengan beberapa biji bawang putih yang ditumbuk lumat. Campur dengan minyak masak dan lumurkan pada rambut. Balut dengan kain selama sejam sebelum dicuci
.
27- Segarkan DiriIngin segar diwaktu pagi? Selepas bangun daripada tidur, minum terus air suam. Amalan ini dipercayai awet muda sejak turun temurun.

28- Hilangkan batuk Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Hilangkan batuk dengan mengambil sedikit gula melaka dan makan. anda akan lihat hasilnya yan memuaskan setelah beberapa ketika.

29- Segarkan MataSegarkan mata dengan beberapa helai daun sirih muda, cuci bersih. Ramas dan masukkan kedalam air suam dan tapis airnya. Rendamkan mata sambil kerdipkan mata berulangkali.Segarkan mata dengan menggunakan uncang teh yang telah digunakan. Tekap ke mata anda. Hasilnya mata anda akan terasa sejuk dan segar.

30- Gusi bengkakAtasi bengkak gusi dengan menghancurkan umbut nenas. Campurkan dengan sedikit garam halus. Tampalkan pada gusi yang ada kesan bengkak. Biarkan sehingga kering.

31- Suara SerakCopy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Atasi suara serak dengan sebuku asam jawa, rendam dan ramas didalam air. Kemudian campur dengan segelas air sejuk. Masukkan ke dalam peti sejuk. Minum dua kali sehari.Atasi suara serak dengan dua biji bawang besar, Buang kulit dan mesin hingga hancur, tapiskan dan ambil airnya. Minum sekadar dua kali sehari selama dua hari berturut-turut.Ubati suara serak dengan beberapa biji limau nipis dan mesinkannya dengan dicampur sedikit air lalu dipanaskan, kemudian sedutkan wapnya melalui mulut beberapa kali.

32- Badan LesuSekiranya anda sering diserang angin yang menyebabkan badan lesu, didihkan daun mengkudu dan sedikit halia. saringkan airnya dan minum pagi dan petang.

33- Sembuhkan luka Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Sembuhkan luka dengan daun lidah buaya (aloe vera) dan sapukan lendirnya pada luka tersebut. dengan caratersebut, luka akan sembuh dengan lebih cepat.

34- Sengatan kala jengkingRedakan kesakitan akibat disengat kala jengking dengan menumbuk lada hingga halus dan dicampur dengan minyak kelapa. Tampalkan pada tempat yang terkena sengat tadi.

35- Hilangkan jerawat batuHilangkan jerawat batu dengan ambil sedikit beras, tumbuk hingga halus dan campurkan dengan sedikit air. Gunakan pada waktu hendak tidur, tiga kali seminggu.

36- Serikan wajah Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Serikan wajah dengan rendamkan teh semalaman. Sapukan seluruh muka keesokkan harinya sebelum mandi. Wajah anda akan berasnsur-ansur licin serta kelihatan segar.

37- Menyegarkan kulit mukaSegarkan kulit muka dengan perahan jus epal hijau yang dikatakan menyegarkan kulit muka. Sapu kemuka dan biarkan selama 5 hingga 10 minit kemudian cuci muka dengan air bersih.

38- Rawat kulit melecur Rawati kulit yang melecur dengan susu cair atau susu pekat manis. Tuang keatas bahagian yang terkena air panas. Pastinya ia tidak akan mengelembung dan berparut.

39- Hilangkan bau mulutHilangkan bau mulut dengan menumbuk lumat sepuluh kuntum bunga cengkih dan tiga ulas bawang putih. Gosokkan pada gigi dan berkumur hingga bersih. Lakukan 3 hari sekali.

40- Masalah kencing manisUbati kencing manis dengan hempedu ayam. Simpannya di dalam peti sejuk. Esoknya ketika hempedu itu telah beku, telannya bersama air sejuk. Lakukan selama seminggu.

41- Minyak hilangkan ketuat Copy/Paste Dari: www.familiazam.com
Jika minyak menggoreng anda sudah terlalu hitam, jangan di buang. Gunakan ia untuk menghilangkan ketuat. Caranya sapu minyak tersebut pada ketuat dan ulangi langkah tersebut 3-4 kali sehari sehingga ketuat itu hilang.

Dehydration in Adults Overview

Dehydration is a condition that occurs when the loss of body fluids, mostly water, exceeds the amount that is taken in. With dehydration, more water is moving out of our cells and then out of our bodies than the amount of water we take in through drinking.

We lose water every day in the form of water vapor in the breath we exhale and as water in our sweat, urine, and stool. Along with the water, small amounts of salts are also lost.

When we lose too much water, our bodies may become out of balance or dehydrated. Severe dehydration can lead to death.

Causes of Dehydration in Adults

Many conditions may cause rapid and continued fluid losses and lead to dehydration:

• Fever, heat exposure, and too much exercise
  
  
• Vomiting, diarrhea, and increased urination due to infection
  
  
• Diseases such as diabetes
  
  
• The inability to seek appropriate water and food (an infant or disabled person, for example)
  
  
• An impaired ability to drink (someone in a coma or on a respirator or a sick infant who cannot suck on a bottle are common examples)
  
  
• No access to safe drinking water
  
  
• Significant injuries to skin, such as burns or mouth sores, or severe skin diseases or infections (water is lost through the damaged skin)

Symptoms of Dehydration in Adults

The signs and symptoms of dehydration range from minor to severe.

• Increased thirst
  
  
• Dry mouth and swollen tongue
  
  
• Weakness
  
  
• Dizziness
  
  
• Palpitations (feeling that the heart is jumping or pounding)
  
  
• Confusion
  
  
• Sluggishness, even fainting
  
  
• Inability to sweat
  
  
• Decreased urine output: Urine color may indicate dehydration. If urine is concentrated and deeply yellow or amber, you may be dehydrated.

When to Seek Medical Care

Call your doctor if the dehydrated person experiences any of the following:

• Increased or constant vomiting for more than a day
  
  
• Fever over 101°F
  
  
• Diarrhea for more than 2 days
  
  
• Weight loss
  
  
• Decreased urine production
  
  
• Confusion
  
  
• Weakness

Take the person to the hospital's emergency department if these situations occur:

• Fever higher than 103°F
  
  
• Confusion
  
  
• Lethargy
  
  
• Headache
  
  
• Seizures
  
  
• Difficulty breathing
  
  
• Chest or abdominal pains
  
  
• Fainting
  
  
• No urine in the last 12 hours

Exams and Tests

The doctor may perform a variety of simple tests at the examination or send blood or urine samples to the laboratory. Through tests and examination, the doctor will try to identify the underlying cause or causes that led to the dehydration.

• Vital signs
  
  
  • Fever, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, and faster breathing are signs of potential dehydration and other illnesses.
    
    
  • Taking the pulse and blood pressure while the person is lying down and then after standing up for 1 minute can help determine the degree of dehydration. Normally, when you have been lying down and then stand up, there is a small drop in blood pressure for a few seconds. The heart rate speeds up, and blood pressure goes back to normal. However, when there is not enough fluid in the blood because of dehydration and the heart rate speeds up, not enough blood is getting to the brain. The brain senses this condition. The heart beats faster, and if you are dehydrated, you feel dizzy and faint after standing up.
• 
  
• Urinalysis
  
  
  • The color and clarity of urine, the urine specific gravity (the mass of urine is compared with that of equal amounts of distilled water), and the presence of ketones (carbon compounds-a sign the body is dehydrated) in the urine may all help to indicate the degree of dehydration.
    
    
  • Increased glucose in the urine may lead to a diagnosis of diabetes or indicate loss of diabetic control and a cause for the dehydration.
    
    
  • Excessive protein may signal kidney problems.
    
    
  • Signs of infections or other diseases, such as liver disease, may be found.
• 
  
• Blood chemistries
  
  
  • The amount of salts (sodium and potassium) and sugar as well as indicators of kidney function (BUN and creatinine) may be important to evaluate the degree of dehydration and possible causes.
    
    
  • A complete blood count (CBC) may be ordered if the doctor thinks an underlying infection is causing the dehydration. Other blood tests, such as liver function tests, may be indicated to find causes of the symptoms.

Dehydration in Adults Treatment - Self-Care at Home

Try to get people who are dehydrated (even those who have been vomiting) to take in fluids in the following ways:

• Sip small amounts of water.
  
  
• Drink carbohydrate/electrolyte-containing drinks. Good choices are sports drinks such as Gatorade or prepared replacement solutions (Pedialyte is one example).
  
  
• Suck on popsicles made from juices and sports drinks.
  
  
• Suck on ice chips.
  
  
• Sip through a straw (works well for someone who has had jaw surgery or mouth sores).
• Try to cool the person, if there has been heat exposure or if the person has an elevated temperature, in the following ways:

• Remove any excess clothing and loosen other clothing.
  
  
• Air-conditioned areas are best for helping return body temperatures to normal and break the heat exposure cycle.
  
  
• If air conditioning is not available, increase cooling by evaporation by placing the person near fans or in the shade, if outside. Place a wet towel around the person.
  
  
• If available, use a spray bottle or misters to spray luke-warm water on exposed skin surfaces to help with cooling by evaporation.
  
  
• Avoid exposing skin to excessive cold, such as ice packs or ice water. This can cause the blood vessels in the skin to constrict and will decrease rather than increase heat loss. Exposure to excessive cold can also cause shivering, which will increase body temperature-the opposite effect you're trying to achieve.

Medical Treatment

Treatment in the Emergency Department centers first on restoring blood volume and then body fluids, while determining the cause of the dehydration.

If your core body temperature is greater than 104 °F, doctors will cool the entire body. They may promote cooling by evaporation with mists and fans or cooling blankets and baths.

• Fluid replacement
  
  
  • If there is no nausea and vomiting, fluid replacement is begun. You are asked to drink electrolyte/carbohydrate-containing fluids along with water.
    
    
  • If there are signs of significant dehydration (elevated resting heart rate, low blood pressure), fluids are generally given through an IV.
  
  
• Disposition
  
  
  • If your condition improves in the Emergency Department, you may be sent home, preferably in the care of friends or family.
    
    
  • If you remain dehydrated, confused, feverish, have persistently abnormal vital signs, or signs of infection, you may need to stay in the hospital for additional treatment.

Medications

If fever is a cause of dehydration, the use of acetaminophen (for example, Tylenol) or ibuprofen (for example, Advil) may be used. This can be given by mouth if you are not vomiting or as a rectal suppository if you cannot take anything by mouth.

Next Steps

Call or return to your doctor or the hospital as instructed.

Follow-up

• Take prescribed medications as directed.
  
  
• Continue to keep yourself well hydrated with plenty of water or sports drinks.
  
  
• Watch for signs of dehydration in yourself and others.

Prevention

The foremost treatment for dehydration is prevention. Anticipate the need for increased fluid intake.

• Plan ahead and take extra water to all outdoor events and work where increased sweating, activity, and heat stress will increase fluid losses. Encourage athletes and outdoor workers to replace fluids at a rate that equals the loss.
  
  
• Avoid exercise and exposure during high heat index days. Listen to weather forecasts for high heat stress days, and plan events that must occur outside during times when temperatures are cooler.
  
  
• Ensure that older people and infants and children have adequate drinking water or fluids available and assist them as necessary. Make sure that any incapacitated or impaired person is encouraged to drink and provided with adequate fluids.
  
  
• Avoid alcohol consumption, especially when it is very hot, because alcohol increases water loss and impairs your ability to sense early signs associated with dehydration.
  
  
• Wear light-colored and loose-fitting clothing if you must be outdoors when it is hot outside. Carry a personal fan or mister to cool yourself.
  
  
• Break up your exposure to hot temperatures. Find air-conditioned or shady areas and allow yourself to cool between exposures. Taking someone into a cooled area for even a couple of hours each day will help prevent the cumulative effects of high heat exposure.

Outlook

When dehydration is treated and the underlying cause identified, you will recover normally.

Dehydration caused by heat exposure, too much exercise, or decreased water intake is generally easy to manage, and outcome is excellent.

What U need to know about Constipation

What is constipation?

Constipation means different things to different people. You may have constipation if you have three or fewer bowel movements in a week or if stool is hard, dry, painful, or difficult to pass. Some people with constipation lack energy and feel full or bloated.

Some people think they have constipation if they don’t have a bowel movement every day. However, bowel habits are different for everyone. The foods you eat, how much you exercise, and other factors can affect your bowel habits.

At one time or another, almost everyone gets constipated. In most cases, it lasts for only a short time and is not serious. When you understand what causes constipation, you can take steps to prevent it.

What causes constipation?

To understand what causes constipation, it helps to know how the large intestine works. The large intestine removes most of the water from stool and changes it to a solid waste. The large intestine then moves the stool through the rectum and anus as a bowel movement.

Constipation occurs when stool passes through the large intestine too slowly. When stool stays in the large intestine too long, the intestine removes too much water, and the stool becomes hard and dry.

Some lifestyle habits that may cause constipation include

• changing your normal diet, exercise, or travel habits
• ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement
• feeling a lot of stress
• eating a low-fiber diet
• not drinking enough liquids
• taking calcium or iron supplements
• taking medicines such as painkillers with codeine; diuretics, also known as water pills; medicine for depression; and some antacids

Some medical conditions that may cause constipation include

• pregnancy or having given birth
• problems with the muscles and nerves in the intestine, rectum, or anus
• irritable bowel syndrome, a condition in which the nerves that control the muscles in the intestine don’t function correctly; the intestine becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress
• diabetes, a condition in which a person has high blood sugar, also called hyperglycemia, because the body cannot use blood glucose, or blood sugar, for energy
• hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormone to meet the body’s needs and many of the body’s functions slow down

What tests are done to find the causes of constipation?

To find out why you have constipation, your doctor will perform a complete physical examination. The doctor may also order one or more tests if a serious problem is suspected as the cause of constipation.

• Sigmoidoscopy. The doctor puts a thin, flexible tube called a sigmoidoscope into the rectum. This scope can show the last third of your large intestine.
• Colonoscopy. The doctor looks at the entire large intestine with a long, flexible tube with a camera that shows images on a TV screen. The tube is like a sigmoidoscope but longer. You receive medicine to help you sleep during a colonoscopy.
• Colorectal transit study. For this test, you swallow small capsules that can be seen on an x ray as they move through the large intestine and anus.
• Anorectal function test. The doctor inserts a small balloon into the anus to see if you are able to push it out.
• Defecography test. The doctor inserts a soft paste into the rectum. The doctor asks you to push out the paste while an x-ray machine takes pictures of the rectum and anus.

What can I do about constipation?

You can take several steps to prevent and relieve constipation.

1. Eat more fiber.

Fiber helps form soft, bulky stools and is found in many vegetables, fruits, and grains. Be sure to add fiber to your diet a little at a time so your body gets used to it. Limit foods that have little or no fiber such as pizza, ice cream, cheese, meat, snacks like chips, and processed foods such as instant mashed potatoes or frozen dinners.

High-fiber Foods

Fruits	Vegetables	Breads, Cereals, and Beans
apples peaches raspberries tangerines oranges pears prunes	acorn squash broccoli brussels sprouts cabbage carrots cauliflower spinach zucchini	black-eyed peas kidney beans lima beans cold whole-grain cereal (All-Bran, Total, Bran Flakes) hot whole-grain cereal (oatmeal, Wheatena) wheat or 7-grain bread

Your doctor may suggest you take fiber pills or powder to help soften and bulk up the stool. You can buy fiber products in a pharmacy or grocery store without a prescription. Some fiber products are flavored while others are not. Be sure and take the fiber with plenty of water as directed.

Some people have gas and bloating at first when taking extra fiber. Let your doctor know if you are having problems that do not go away after a few days.

2. Drink plenty of water and other liquids such as fruit and vegetable juices and clear soups.

Liquids have little effect on stool form; however, drinking enough fluids is important because dehydration can cause constipation. Try not to drink liquids that contain caffeine or alcohol if you feel thirsty or dehydrated.

3. Get enough exercise.

Regular exercise helps your digestive system stay active and healthy. Exercising 20 to 30 minutes every day may help.

4. Visit the restroom when you feel the urge to have a bowel movement. Allow yourself enough time to relax.

Sometimes people feel so hurried that they don’t pay attention to their body’s needs. Make sure you visit the restroom when you feel the urge to have a bowel movement. If you usually have a bowel movement at a certain time of day, visit the restroom around that time. Reading a book or magazine in the restroom can help you relax. If you cannot have a bowel movement within 10 minutes, get up and return the next time you get the urge.

5. Use laxatives only if a doctor says you should.

Laxatives are medicines that help you pass stool. Most people who are mildly constipated do not need laxatives. However, if you are doing all the right things and you are still constipated, your doctor may recommend a laxative for a limited time. Your doctor will tell you what type is best for you. Laxatives come in many forms including liquid, chewing gum, and pills.

6. Check with your doctor about any medicines you take.

Some medicines can cause constipation. Be sure to ask your doctor if any medicines you are taking could cause constipation.

7. Follow any special treatments your doctor recommends.

If you have problems with the muscles and nerves that control bowel movements, your doctor may suggest biofeedback. Biofeedback is a painless process that uses sensors in the rectal area to help you feel the stool and move it out of the rectum. Doing biofeedback with a trained therapist has been shown to help some people with constipation.

Top Tips for Clear Skin

Clear Skin: Step by Step

Blemishes or pimples often appear on your face, neck, chest, back, and shoulders -- where skin has the greatest amount of oil glands. Few of us are immune to breakouts, but you can prevent or get rid of most acne. For a clear complexion, view the slides ahead to see some surprising dos and don'ts.

Don't Dry Out Your Skin

Avoid rubbing alcohol or alcohol-based astringents and toners, even if you have oily skin. These products can strip your skin of its natural, protective moisture. This can irritate skin and make acne worse. These products may also make it more difficult to tolerate prescription acne medications.

Do Use Oil-Free Moisturizer

Healthy skin is moist. Choose an oil-free moisturizer that says "noncomedogenic" on the label. This means it won’t clog your pores or cause whiteheads or blackheads. You may hesitate to apply moisturizer to acne-prone skin, but a good moisturizer can actually help calm your skin and keep acne at bay.

Don't Avoid Favorite Foods

It's a myth that oily foods or chocolate cause pimples. Acne is caused by overactive oil glands in the skin. If certain foods seem to cause you to break out, try to avoid them. But you don't need to shun pizza or chocolate for clear skin.

Do Drink Plenty of Water

Drink water throughout the day to keep your skin well hydrated. Also, eat a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A and vitamin E, two vitamins known to benefit your skin. Green, leafy vegetables such as spinach and broccoli are rich in vitamin E. Vitamin A is found in colorful fruits and vegetables such as carrots, cantaloupe, peaches, and peppers.

Don't Use Heavy Cosmetics

Avoid oil-based cosmetics. How can you tell? Follow this simple guideline: Creamy foundation or blush generally can clog pores. Bare mineral cosmetics, which are light and powdery, are less likely to do so.

Do Use an Oil-Free Foundation

Do use oil-free foundation if you wear makeup. Splash your face with cold water before applying your foundation. Cold water helps close your pores. No matter how tired you are, wash your makeup off before bed.

Don't Sunbathe or Tan

It's a myth that tanning clears up your skin. It's a fact that UV rays put you at risk for skin cancer, premature aging, and wrinkles. Don't lie in the sun or use a tanning booth. Also, some commonly prescribed acne medications, including topical retinoids, can make you more sensitive to damage from the UV rays.

Do Use Oil-Free Sunscreen

Wear an oil-free sunscreen or moisturizer with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher that provides broad-spectrum protection from both ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) rays. Look for products labeled noncomedogenic that won't clog your pores. Reapply every two hours.

Don't Use Greasy Hair Products

Products such as pomades or gels can clog your pores when your hair brushes against your face. Keep your hair clean using an oil-free, acnegenic or noncomedogenic shampoo. If you have oily hair, shampoo daily. Shield your face when applying any sprays and gels on your hair.

Do Keep Hair Off Your Face

Pull long hair back when you sleep so it doesn't aggravate your skin. Try to keep your hair away from your face during the day as well. Remember, hair contains oils that can cause breakouts -- even if you don't use hair products .

Don't Touch Your Face

Touching or rubbing your face worsens acne. Also, don't lean your face on your hands. And try to keep your cell phone away from your face. Our hands and phones may carry oils and germs that can irritate blemishes. Tight-fitting hats can also cause or worsen acne, especially if you sweat.

Do Apply Cream With Applicators

Use cotton balls, Q-tips, or applicators when applying creams or makeup to your skin. If you use your hands, apply these products only with your fingertips. Our hands carry oils and germs that can worsen acne and blemishes.

Don't Overwash Your Face

Dirty skin does not lead to acne or blemishes. Frequent and vigorous washing can irritate your skin and make acne worse. So can scrubs and soaps with harsh chemicals. Instead, wash acne-prone areas twice daily with a mild soap and warm water.

Do Choose Oil-Free Soap

Oil-free soaps won't clog your pores or cause blackheads, acne, and whiteheads. Choose products that are labeled "oil free," "nonacnegenic," or "noncomedogenic." Apply the soap and wash with your fingertips. Washcloths, mesh sponges, or other products can irritate the skin and cause breakouts.

Don't Pop Your Pimples

Squeezing pimples or blemishes just creates more problems. Resist the temptation. It will only delay healing and increase the risk of scarring. Squeezing pimples may also push infected material into the skin, where it can cause additional inflammation and scarring

Do Use Acne Medicine as Directed

Acne medication doesn't work overnight. Most treatments take up to eight weeks of daily use before you see an improvement. It may take as long as six months for your skin to totally clear up. Sometimes your doctor will recommend using the acne medicine even when your skin clears. Be sure to follow your doctor's directions. Overuse of medicine such as Retin-A can irritate skin, while underuse is not effective.

Look Into All Acne Treatments

Don't just live with acne, blackheads, and blemishes. If the first cream you try doesn't work, see your doctor or dermatologist to discuss other treatments. There are many types of medicines to help clear your skin. Some are available only from a doctor.